Browsing by Author "Prasad, Sabarinath"

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AI-based automated pre-processing and classification of impacted maxillary canines in panoramic radiographs
(2024) Abdulkreem, Ali; Alzaabi, Hessa; Alali, Kawther; Gonzalez, Angela; Chaudhry, Jahanzeb; Prasad, Sabarinath
Abstract: Objectives: Automating the digital workflow for diagnosing impacted canines using panoramic radiographs (PRs) is challenging. This study explored feature extraction, automated cropping, and classification of impacted and non-impacted canines as a first step. Methods: A convolutional neural network (CNN) with SqueezeNet architecture was first trained to classify two groups of PRs (91with, and 91without impacted canines) on the MATLAB programming platform. Based on results, the need to crop the PRs was realized. Next, artificial intelligence (AI) detectors were trained to identify specific landmarks (maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, bicuspids, nasal area, and the mandibular ramus) on the PRs. Landmarks were then explored to guide cropping of the PRs. Finally, improvements in classification of automatically cropped PRs was studied. Results: Without cropping, the area under the curve (AUC) of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve for classifying impacted and non-impacted canine was 84%. Landmark training showed that detectors could correctly identify upper central incisors and the ramus in ~98% of PRs . The combined use of the mandibular ramus and maxillary central incisors as guides for cropping yielded the best results (~10% incorrect cropping). When automatically cropped PRs were used, the AUC-ROC improved to 96%. Conclusion: AI algorithms can be automated to pre-process PRs and improve the identification of impacted canines.
Changes in incisor relationship over the life course - Findings from a cohort study
(2021) Prasad, Sabarinath
Objective: The aim of this longitudinal cohort study was to investigate the changes in incisor relationship over ‎three decades from adolescence to mid-adulthood.‎ Materials and Methods: The sample included 1,037 children (48.4% female) born between April 1972 and March 1973 from the ‎longitudinal birth cohort Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Overjet and ‎overbite values were assessed at age 15 and 45 years and entered in a regression model as outcome ‎variables. Baseline occlusal variables, sex, history of orthodontic treatment, periodontal data recorded ‎at age 38, and selfreported oral parafunction and orthodontic treatment history recorded at age 45 ‎were entered as covariates in the regression analysis.‎ Results: Regression modelling showed that overjet/overbite category (high or low) at age 15 tends to predict ‎overjet/overbite category at age 45, with overjet become slightly larger (around +0.5 mm) and ‎overbite slightly lower (-0.5 mm) over time. Study members with self-reported tooth clenching had a ‎slighter greater overbite (+0.3 mm) at age 45 than those who did not. Additionally, those with signs of ‎periodontal disease at age 38 had a slightly larger overjet (+0.5 mm) at age 45 than those without ‎disease. Sex differences were demonstrated with females having 0.6 mm larger overjet, and 0.4 mm ‎overbite at age 45.‎ Conclusions: Overall, overjet values tend to be higher during mid-adulthood than during adolescence, while the ‎converse is true for overbite. There appears to be a degree of sexual dimorphism in overjet and ‎overbite values later in life. Clinical Significance: Incisor relationships change during the life course and ‎are related to ageing, sex, periodontal health, and parafunctional habits. Clinicians and educators ‎should be aware of these changes when making treatment decisions that alter incisor relationship.‎
Effect of prior knowledge about treatment on cephalometric measurements
(2022) Prasad, Sabarinath
Objective: We hypothesised that prior knowledge of details for a growth modification treatment influences cephalometric measurements and results in a detectable bias. Design: Observational study. Setting: University teaching facility. Methods: Six orthodontic residents assessed 48 lateral cephalograms taken before and after functional appliance treatment from 24 patients. The residents assessed six cephalometric measurements, (Cd-Pog, Cd-Me, Ar-Pog, Ar-Me, Go-Me, SNB) over three separate sessions, in either a random concealed order or as matched pairs with information about treatment and time disclosed. Results: When information was disclosed, five out of the six cephalometric measurements were significantly higher that the corresponding cephalometric measurements taken randomly with undisclosed information. The bias was in the range of 1.6–3.2 mm for linear measurements and was 1.1° for SNB. Conclusion: Disclosing treatment information does introduce systematic errors in cephalometric measurements. Cephalometric analysis in orthodontic clinical research should be carried out by assessors who are blinded to treatment details, to minimise risk of bias.
Presurgical Infant Orthopedic Videos on YouTube™: A Thematic Analysis of Caregiver Narratives
(2024) Alrubaiaan, Raed; Nair, Bhavana; Amir-Rad, Fatemeh; Aljanahi, May; Prasad, Sabarinath
Objective: Information regarding how caregivers cope when using presurgical infant orthopedic (PSIO) appliances is sparse. This study aimed to understand caregivers’ perspectives and experiences with contemporary PSIO treatment. Design: PSIO videos shared on the YouTube™ platform were used as the data source. Videos with caregivers were identified (n = 21) and portions with caregiver narratives were transcribed. This was followed by the application of a six-step thematic analysis as conceptualized by Braun and Clarke (2006, 2019). Results: Two themes were identified from the caregiver narratives in the PSIO videos. The Family Journey theme included reaction to diagnosis, choice of center, burden of care, care commitment, coping, and testimonials. The Information theme included PSIO techniques and PSIO benefits. Conclusion: Multifaceted challenges and coping strategies were described by caregivers during the PSIO phase. Caregivers remained committed to treatment despite the burden of care, were motivated by an understanding of the benefits of PSIO, and customized care based on their individual strengths and needs. Study results can help providers gain an understanding of what caregivers experience outside the clinical environment.
Wearable Orofacial Technology and Orthodontics
(2023) Prasad, Sabarinath; Boillat, Thomas; Ghoneima, Ahmed; Diar-Bakirly, Samira
Abstract: Wearable technology to augment traditional approaches are increasingly being added to the arsenals of treatment providers. Wearable technology generally refers to electronic systems, devices, or sensors that are usually worn on or are in close proximity to the human body. Wearables may be stand-alone or integrated into materials that are worn on the body. What sets medical wearables apart from other systems is their ability to collect, store, and relay information regarding an individual’s current body status to other devices operating on compatible networks in naturalistic settings. The last decade has witnessed a steady increase in the use of wearables specific to the orofacial region. Applications range from supplementing diagnosis, tracking treatment progress, monitoring patient compliance, and better understanding the jaw’s functional and parafunctional activities. Orofacial wearable devices may be unimodal or incorporate multiple sensing modalities. The objective data collected continuously, in real time, in naturalistic settings using these orofacial wearables provide opportunities to formulate accurate and personalized treatment strategies. In the not-too-distant future, it is anticipated that information about an individual’s current oral health status may provide patient-centric personalized care to prevent, diagnose, and treat oral diseases, with wearables playing a key role. In this review, we examine the progress achieved, summarize applications of orthodontic relevance and examine the future potential of orofacial wearables.
Wearables for personalized monitoring of masticatory muscle activity — opportunities, challenges, and the future
(2023) Prasad, Sabarinath
Abstract: Wearable devices are worn on or remain in close proximity of the human body. The use of wearable devices specifc to the orofacial region is steadily increasing. Orofacial applications of wearable devices include supplementing diagnosis, tracking treatment progress, monitoring patient compliance, and understanding oral parafunctional behaviours. In this short communication, the role of wearable devices in advancing personalized dental medicine are highlighted with a specifc focus on masticatory muscle activity monitoring in naturalistic settings. Additionally, challenges, opportunities, as well as future research areas for successful use of wearable devices for precise, personalized care of muscle disorders are discussed.